https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence 2026-04-26T00:50:06Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.40.1 https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32440&oldid=prev 2009-06-29T19:05:29Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:05, 29 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Explanation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Explanation==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The goal of the project is to test the hypothesis that the economic behaviors proposed by Paul Krugman's "New Economic Geography" framework can explain hierarchically organized settlement networks in emergent state societies.  Our test will apply Krugman's model <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and knowledge of caloric resource distributions </del>to an agent-based model that attempts to reproduce the settlement and network structures observed in the Tiwanaku <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and Roman empires</del>.  Our test will help to clarify the degree to which economic networks create a context for the emergence of social competition and inequality. This page is intended to facilitate the project's progress, and is organized with the a final paper structure in mind.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The goal of the project is to test the hypothesis that the economic behaviors proposed by Paul Krugman's "New Economic Geography" framework can explain hierarchically organized settlement networks in emergent state societies.  Our test will apply Krugman's model to an agent-based model that attempts to reproduce the settlement and network structures observed in the Tiwanaku <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Empire</ins>.  Our test will help to clarify the degree to which economic networks create a context for the emergence of social competition and inequality. This page is intended to facilitate the project's progress, and is organized with the a final paper structure in mind.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to New Economic Geography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to New Economic Geography==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9">Line 9:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to Tiwanaku Empire Settlement Hierearchies==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to Tiwanaku Empire Settlement Hierearchies==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As a state-level society that emerged in-situ, the Tiwanaku Empire presents an ideal case for exploring the role economic geography plays in structuring hierarchically organized societies. From a relatively even distribution of Early Formative Period (ca. 2000-1300 B.C.) small hamlets arose the increasingly nucleated regional centers of the Middle Formative Period (ca. 1300-500 B.C.). Stanish (2003) identifies at least 13 such centers in an incomplete sample.  During the Upper Formative Period (ca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 400), two regional centers--Pucara and Tiwanaku/Chiripa--grew an order of magnitude larger than any of the other centers.  Finally, by A.D. 400, the urban capital of Tiwanaku emerged as the largest occupational center with a core population somewhere between 30 and 60,000 inhabitants.  At <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it's </del>peak, Tiwanaku settlements were organized roughly as a geographically nested hierarchy (McAndrews et al. 1997).  By A.D. 1000, the Tiwanaku Empire, which had become a conquest state, began to collapse.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As a state-level society that emerged in-situ, the Tiwanaku Empire presents an ideal case for exploring the role economic geography plays in structuring hierarchically organized societies. From a relatively even distribution of Early Formative Period (ca. 2000-1300 B.C.) small hamlets arose the increasingly nucleated regional centers of the Middle Formative Period (ca. 1300-500 B.C.). Stanish (2003) identifies at least 13 such centers in an incomplete sample.  During the Upper Formative Period (ca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 400), two regional centers--Pucara and Tiwanaku/Chiripa--grew an order of magnitude larger than any of the other centers.  Finally, by A.D. 400, the urban capital of Tiwanaku emerged as the largest occupational center with a core population somewhere between 30 and 60,000 inhabitants.  At <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">its </ins>peak, Tiwanaku settlements were organized roughly as a geographically nested hierarchy (McAndrews et al. 1997).  By A.D. 1000, the Tiwanaku Empire, which had become a conquest state, began to collapse.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Attendant to the demographic changes witnessed in the rise of the Tiwanaku Empire were clear economic and politico-religious changes.  During the Middle Formative Period, ceramic production becomes more specialized in the regional centers.  The Yaya-Mama stylistic tradition also emerges and is manifest in the design of stone statues, or stelae, that are concentrated in the regional centers.  Stanish (2003) argues that this new tradition is tied to elites and a pan-regional ideology.  In the Upper Formative Period, communal architecture such as sunken courts and artificial mountains, or pyramids, appear at the regional centers.  Janusek (2006) argues that architectural design and icongraphy at Tiwanaku <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was </del>designed to co-opt the power of nature and integrate diverse cultural groups.  He further suggests that Tiwanaku's success in "outcompeting" other regional centers stems from its uniquely integrative religious tradition.   </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Attendant to the demographic changes witnessed in the rise of the Tiwanaku Empire were clear economic and politico-religious changes.  During the Middle Formative Period, ceramic production becomes more specialized in the regional centers.  The Yaya-Mama stylistic tradition also emerges and is manifest in the design of stone statues, or stelae, that are concentrated in the regional centers.  Stanish (2003) argues that this new tradition is tied to elites and a pan-regional ideology.  In the Upper Formative Period, communal architecture such as sunken courts and artificial mountains, or pyramids, appear at the regional centers.  Janusek (2006) argues that architectural design and icongraphy at Tiwanaku <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were </ins>designed to co-opt the power of nature and integrate diverse cultural groups.  He further suggests that Tiwanaku's success in "outcompeting" other regional centers stems from its uniquely integrative religious tradition.   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stanish (2003) hypothesizes that population centers are located as a function of resource access and peer polity competition and conflict.  To test the idea, Griffin and Stanish (2007) created an agent-based model wherein agricultural productivity, migration, competition, and trade contribute to differential population aggregation.  The model does a good job of approximating the empirical distributions, but the ABM's complexity makes it difficult to assess the degree to which any given factor drives the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pattern</del>.  Our approach, then, will serve to clarify the degree to which formal economic processes drove the emergence of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tiwanaku, </del>and created a context for the development of the elaborate social, political, and religious traditions that characterize Tiwanaku.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stanish (2003) hypothesizes that population centers are located as a function of resource access and peer polity competition and conflict.  To test the idea, Griffin and Stanish (2007) created an agent-based model wherein agricultural productivity, migration, competition, and trade contribute to differential population aggregation.  The model does a good job of approximating the empirical <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">settlement </ins>distributions, but the ABM's complexity makes it difficult to assess the degree to which any given factor drives the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed patterns</ins>.  Our approach, then, will serve to clarify the degree to which formal economic processes drove the emergence of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Titicaca Basin population centers </ins>and created a context for the development of the elaborate social, political, and religious traditions that characterize Tiwanaku.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Introduction to Roman Empire Network Structures==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td></tr> </table>

Wrhaas https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32206&oldid=prev 2009-06-26T06:24:38Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction to New Economic Geography</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:24, 26 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3">Line 3:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to New Economic Geography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to New Economic Geography==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">We intend to explain settlement pattern changes in the Lake Titicaca Basin from 2500 BCE to 1000 CE by employing a variant of an economic model called the "New Economic Geography" by Krugman, 1991, Fujita, et al 1999. The model explains settlement change by balancing forces that encourage production to simultaneously concentrate and disperse. The centrifugal forces that encourage dispersed production come from the uniformly distributed farming population which demands goods. Transportation costs mean that production should be close to farmers and therefore dispersed across the landscape to serve farmers efficiently. Following Krugman and Samuelson, we employ transportation costs that "melt away" a certain proportion of the traded goods to avoid explicitly modeling a transport sector. In addition, we assume that increasing returns to scale obtain for production, meaning that larger production facilities can produce at lower marginal costs. This centripetal force encourages production to be centered in one area. However, production centered in one area attracts more workers and increases local product demand increasing further agglomeration of production. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our application of Krugman's model intends to expand the types of societies for which the model can be used. Indeed, we find that one of the main empirical regularities of settlement patterns - Zipf's law in city sizes - applies to both industrial and pre-industrial societies. Our model differs from Krugman, et al by including stochastic agricultural production, allowing both agricultural and industrial products to have transportation costs, and producing dynamics through fertility and (at least initially) abstracting away from migration. The other major change is that we conceptualize "manufactured goods" as all goods and services not produced by the agricultural sector. This sector's dominant service is modeled as food trade to reduce a region's food shortfall during bad harvest years. We argue that both manufacturing services and trade services are still subject to increasing returns to scale (through fixed costs and informational spillovers for clustered traders) and constant returns to scale for agriculture.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to Tiwanaku Empire Settlement Hierearchies==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to Tiwanaku Empire Settlement Hierearchies==</div></td></tr> </table>

Barofsky https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32204&oldid=prev 2009-06-26T05:24:58Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:24, 26 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l32">Line 32:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fujita, M., Krugman, P. and Venables, AJ. 1999. The Spatial Economy. MIT Press.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gorenflo, L.J., and Nathan Gale</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gorenflo, L.J., and Nathan Gale</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1990  [http://www.santafe.edu/events/workshops/index.php/Image:Gorenflo_and_Gale_1990.pdf Mapping Regional Settlement in Information Space].  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9:240-274.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1990  [http://www.santafe.edu/events/workshops/index.php/Image:Gorenflo_and_Gale_1990.pdf Mapping Regional Settlement in Information Space].  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9:240-274.</div></td></tr> </table>

Barofsky https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32193&oldid=prev 2009-06-26T00:14:29Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:14, 26 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l16">Line 16:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Figure 1. Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case. The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Figure 1. Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case. The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.  How these values will vary over time and space will be discussed</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Geometry:  Figure 1 shows the 28,000 square kilometers of arable land in the Titicaca Basin.  This area comprises approximately <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3.5</del>% of the watershed area included in this study.  The geo-spatial data are derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data.  Projected in a UTM system, the cell size of the data is approximately 91m.  The arable land excludes the lake and any cells above 4000m, which is generally accepted to be the point at which the growing season is too short for agriculture.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Geometry:  Figure 1 shows the 28,000 square kilometers of arable land in the Titicaca Basin.  This area comprises approximately <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">35</ins>% of the watershed area included in this study.  The geo-spatial data are derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data.  Projected in a UTM system, the cell size of the data is approximately 91m.  The arable land excludes the lake and any cells above 4000m, which is generally accepted to be the point at which the growing season is too short for agriculture<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">**Other:  Elevation, distance from lake, and distance from lakes and rivers are other datasets we have at our disoposal</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Agent Behavior</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Agent Behavior</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**average hunter-gatherer group size: 25 (Kelly 2007:205-213).  This provides a justification for setting initial group sizes.  Kelly&#039;s review suggests that 25 offers an optimal tradeoff between reproductive viability and resource sustainability.   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**average hunter-gatherer group size: 25 (Kelly 2007:205-213).  This provides a justification for setting initial group sizes.  Kelly&#039;s review suggests that 25 offers an optimal tradeoff between reproductive viability and resource sustainability.   </div></td></tr> </table>

Wrhaas https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32191&oldid=prev 2009-06-26T00:10:50Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:10, 26 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14">Line 14:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case. The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1. </ins>Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case. The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td></tr> </table>

Wrhaas https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32190&oldid=prev 2009-06-26T00:10:23Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:10, 26 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14">Line 14:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|300px|Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|thumb</ins>|300px|Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl</ins>.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td></tr> </table>

Wrhaas https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32189&oldid=prev 2009-06-26T00:08:22Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:08, 26 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14">Line 14:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|300px|Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.  The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl</del>.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|300px|Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Geometry:  Figure 1 shows the 28,000 square kilometers of arable land in the Titicaca Basin.  This area comprises approximately 3.5% of the watershed area included in this study.  The geo-spatial data are derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data.  Projected in a UTM system, the cell size of the data is approximately 91m.  The arable land excludes the lake and any cells above 4000m, which is generally accepted to be the point at which the growing season is too short for agriculture.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Geometry:  Figure 1 shows the 28,000 square kilometers of arable land in the Titicaca Basin.  This area comprises approximately 3.5% of the watershed area included in this study.  The geo-spatial data are derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data.  Projected in a UTM system, the cell size of the data is approximately 91m.  The arable land excludes the lake and any cells above 4000m, which is generally accepted to be the point at which the growing season is too short for agriculture.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">**</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Agent Behavior</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Agent Behavior</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**average hunter-gatherer group size: 25 (Kelly 2007:205-213).  This provides a justification for setting initial group sizes.  Kelly&#039;s review suggests that 25 offers an optimal tradeoff between reproductive viability and resource sustainability.   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**average hunter-gatherer group size: 25 (Kelly 2007:205-213).  This provides a justification for setting initial group sizes.  Kelly&#039;s review suggests that 25 offers an optimal tradeoff between reproductive viability and resource sustainability.   </div></td></tr> </table>

Wrhaas https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32188&oldid=prev 2009-06-26T00:07:06Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:07, 26 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14">Line 14:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|300px| <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1: </del>Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case.  The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|300px|Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case.  The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td></tr> </table>

Wrhaas https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32187&oldid=prev 2009-06-26T00:06:50Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:06, 26 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14">Line 14:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|300px|Figure 1: Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case.  The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|300px| Figure 1: Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case.  The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl.]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td></tr> </table>

Wrhaas https://wiki.santafe.edu/index.php?title=Economic_Geography_and_State_Emergence&diff=32186&oldid=prev 2009-06-26T00:06:13Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:06, 26 June 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14">Line 14:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementing a Spatial Model of the New Economic Geography==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:Titicaca2.jpg|right|300px|Figure 1: Model space for the Tiwanaku Empire test case.  The blue area is Lake Titicaca, and the green area shows arable land below 4000 masl.]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Environmental Parameters</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**Agricultural productivity: 105-1892 kcal/ha/yr.  These figures are derived from Griffin and Stanish (2007:Table A-2) as follows: For each of the five agricultural strategies, the table reports the number of days fallow, caloric yields (kcal/ha), and production costs (person-days/ha.  We first adjust the productivity estimates to factor in fallow time.  Unfortunately, Griffin and Stanish do not report how many years a field remains productive--only how long it must be fallow.  Accordingly, the agricultural yields are multiplied by 1/8 or 1/5 depending on the published fallow values.  In order to convert these values into net yields/ha, we next convert the production costs to caloric costs assuming 1 person day equals 2 kcal. For each agricultural strategy, this value is subtracted to from the adjusted yields to derive the net kcal/ha reported above.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">**Geometry:  Figure 1 shows the 28,000 square kilometers of arable land in the Titicaca Basin.  This area comprises approximately 3.5% of the watershed area included in this study.  The geo-spatial data are derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data.  Projected in a UTM system, the cell size of the data is approximately 91m.  The arable land excludes the lake and any cells above 4000m, which is generally accepted to be the point at which the growing season is too short for agriculture.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">**</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Agent Behavior</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Agent Behavior</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**average hunter-gatherer group size: 25 (Kelly 2007:205-213).  This provides a justification for setting initial group sizes.  Kelly&#039;s review suggests that 25 offers an optimal tradeoff between reproductive viability and resource sustainability.   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**average hunter-gatherer group size: 25 (Kelly 2007:205-213).  This provides a justification for setting initial group sizes.  Kelly&#039;s review suggests that 25 offers an optimal tradeoff between reproductive viability and resource sustainability.   </div></td></tr> </table>

Wrhaas